Root nameserver

A root nameserver is a DNS server that answers requests for the root namespace domain, and redirects requests for a particular top level domain to that TLD's nameservers.

All domain names on the Internet actually end in a . (period) character -- that is, technically, Wikipedia is actually hosted on the domain "www.wikipedia.org." (try it.) This final dot is implied, and all modern DNS software does not actually require that the final dot be included when attempting to translate a domain name to an IP address. The final dot is called the root domain, and all other domains (i.e. .com, .org, .net, .uk, etc.) are contained within the root domain.

When a computer on the Internet wants to resolve a domain name, it works from right to left, asking each nameserver in turn about the element to its left. The root nameservers (which have responsibility for the . domain) know about which servers are responsible for the top-level domains. Each top-level domain (such as .org) has its own set of servers, which relegate to the nameservers responsible for individual domain names (such as wikipedia), which in turn answer queries for IP addresses of subdomains (such as www).

In practice, most of this information doesn't change very often and gets cached, and DNS lookups to the root nameservers are relatively rare.

There are currently 13 root name servers, with names in the form ?.ROOT-SERVERS.NET where ? runs from A to M. Of these 10 are in the USA; the others are in London, Stockholm and Tokyo. See http://root-servers.org.

There are quite a few alternate namespace systems with their own set of root nameservers that exist in opposition to the mainstream ICANN nameservers. The first, AlterNIC[?], generated a substantial amount of press.