Perpetual motion

Perpetual motion machines are a class of hypothetical machines which produce energy "from nowhere." The existence of a perpetual motion machine is impossible according to current known laws of physics. Perpetual motion machines are divided into two subcategories, referred to as perpetual motion of the first kind and perpetual motion of the second kind.

A perpetual motion machine of the first kind is one which produces power without energy uptake. Such a machine would, once started, operate indefinitely. This is forbidden by the law of conservation of energy.

Note that this explicitly prohibits the existence of devices which produce more energy than their input energy, as they can trivially be converted to a perpetual motion machine of the first kind by diverting part of their output energy back to their input.

Note that heat engines with an 'efficiency' greater than one do not violate this rule: the 'efficiency' in this case is defined as the ratio of heat output to work input -- the total energy input (heat + work) is still equal to the total energy output (heat).

A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is one which converts heat completely into other forms of energy. Such a device would violate the second law of thermodynamics (see also entropy) and would be viewed with great skepticism.

The invention of perpetual motion machines is a favourite pastime of many crackpots[?], who often come up with elaborate Rube Goldberg machine designs which may appear to work on paper at first glance, but which have various flaws or obfuscated external power sources that render them useless in practice. This sort of invention has become common enough that the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has made an official policy of refusing to grant patents for perpetual motion machines without a working model.

Proponents of perpetual motion machines use a number of other terms to describe their inventions, including "free energy" and "over unity" machines.

The USPTO granted at least two patents for motors that are claimed to run without net energy input. These patents were issued because it was not obvious from the patent that a perpetual motion machine was being claimed. These are:

• 4,151,431 on April 24, 1979 ("Permanent Magnet Motor")
• 4,074,153 on February 14, 1978 ("Magnetic propulsion device")

You can search for the whole text of these patents (see link below).

External links:

• USPTO patent search (http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/srchnum.htm) page
• Eric's History of Perpetual Motion and Free Energy Machines (http://www.phact.org/e/dennis4.html)
• The Museum of Unworkable Devices (http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/museum/unwork.htm)
• More failed designs for perpetual motion machines (http://manor.york.ac.uk/htdocs/perpetual/perpetual.html)
• Kevin Kilty's perpetual motion page (http://www.kilty.com/pmotion.htm)
• Yahoo Group for discussion of "free energy" machines (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/free_energy/archives)