Non-standard cosmology

A non-standard cosmology is a cosmological theory that contradicts the standard model of cosmology. As of the early 21st century what this means in practice to refer to any cosmological theory which argues that the big bang theory is incorrect.

The basic observation which a non-standard cosmology needs to deal with is with the apparent expansion of the universe. In a non-standard cosmology this is not regarded as a general expansion of spacetime, but rather as result of physical effects on photons or on expansion that is not the result of space expansion (i.e. the Alfven universe[?]).