Music of Egypt

The region around the Nile is one of the oldest continually-inhabited areas in the world. Ancient Egyptian musicians are known to have played harps and flutes circa 4000 BC, and double clarinets[?] and lyres from around 3500 BC. Percussion instruments were added to orchestras by 2000 BC. It is probable that no system of musical notation existed at the time, as none have survived.

Modern Egypt is dominated by Arabs, who have multiple distinct forms in common and divergent styles across North Africa and the Middle East. Arab musical tradition is usually said to have begun in the 7th century in Syria during the Umayyad dynasty. Early Arab music was derived from Byzantine, Indian and Persian forms, which were themselves very influenced by earlier Greek and Semitic music. In the 10th century, Al-Farabi translated Aristotle's Problems[?] (and Themistius[?]' commentary on them), Euclid's Elements of Music[?] and Ptolemy's Harmonics[?] into Arabic[?]. These works, foundations of Western music, became the basis for Arabic musical theory.

Like African music, Arabic and Egyptian music has strong improvisatory and rhythmic components. The base rhythm of Arabic music is the maqamat[?], which is formed by dum (downbeats), tak (upbeats) and rests. Arabic music uses microtones[?], or notes not present in the formal musical scale (half-flats and half-sharps). Arabic tones are divided into thirds, which makes their sound inherently different from most other musical traditions.

Egyptian music began its recorded history in the 1910s, at the same time as composers like Sayed Darwish[?]'s first mixtures of traditional Egyptian and western musical forms. Since, some of the Arab worlds biggest musical stars have been Egyptian, including Mohamed Abdel Wahab[?], Umm Kulthum, Amr Diab, Mohamed Al-Qasabji[?] and Zakariyya Ahmad[?]. Kulthum was especially popular, and is considered the most successful Egyptian recording artist in history.