Celluloid

Celluloid is the name of a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor[?], plus dyes and other agents, generally regarded to be the first thermoplastic. Easily molded and shaped, there are suggestions that celluloid was first made as an ivory replacement.

The first celluloids were made in 1856 by Alexander Parkes[?], but he was never able to actually use his invention. The name Celluloid actually began as a trademark of the Celluloid Manufacturing Company, which manufactured the celluloids patented by John Wesley Hyatt[?] (whose use of heat and pressure simplified the manufacture of these compounds). The name was registered in 1870.

In the late 1880s, celluloids for photographic film were developed. Hannibal Goodwin[?] and the Eastman Company both obtained patents for a film product; but Goodwin, and the interests he later sold his patents to, were eventually successful in a patent infringement suit against the Eastman Kodak Company. Nevertheless, the groundwork in these products was set for a photographic film, as opposed to a photographic plate, with all the implications that has for motion pictures.

As thermoplastics, celluloids found a wide variety of uses in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Things like knife handles, ball point pen bodies, collars and cuffs, toys, etc were made of this material. However, it burned easily and suffered from spontaneous decomposition, and was largely replaced by cellulose acetate plastics and polyethylenes by the middle of the 20th century.

A typical formulation of celluloid might contain 70 to 80 parts nitrocellulose, nitrated to 11% nitrogen, 30 parts camphor[?], 0 to 14 parts dye, 1 to 5 parts ethyl alcohol, plus stabilizers and other agents to increase stability and reduce flammability.

One of the last products made from celluloid is the table tennis ball.

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Further information

Celluloid

http://www.plastiquarian.com/celluloi.htm

History of Celluloid

http://www.sit.wisc.edu/~rjkubiak/History%20of%20Celluloid.html